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The Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society (PFASS) was founded in December 1833 and dissolved in March 1870 following the ratification of the 14th and 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. It was founded by eighteen women, including Margaretta Forten, her mother Charlotte, and Margaretta's sisters Sarah and Harriet.〔Smith, Jessie Carney and Wynn, Linda T. (''Freedom Facts and Firsts: 400 Years of the African American Civil Rights Experience'' ) Visible Ink Press, 2009. p. 242. ISBN 9781578592609〕〔Christian, Charles M. and Bennett, Sari. (''Black Saga: The African American Experience: A Chronology'' ) Basic Civitas Book, 1998. p. 1833. ISBN 9781582430003.〕 The society was a local chapter affiliated with the American Anti-Slavery Society created the same year by William Lloyd Garrison and other leading male abolitionists. The PFASS was formed as a result of the inability of women to become members of the male abolitionist organization. This predominantly white though racially mixed female abolitionist organization illustrates the important behind-the-scenes collective roles women played in the abolitionist movement. It also exemplifies the dynamics of gender and race within American patriarchal society that emphasized the cult of true womanhood (or cult of domesticity) in the nineteenth century. == Membership == Historians often cite the PFASS as one of the few racially integrated anti-slavery societies in the antebellum era, rare even among female anti-slavery societies. PFASS membership typically came from middle-class backgrounds. The most well known white female abolitionist affiliated with the PFASS is Lucretia Mott. Angelina Grimké, a noted female abolitionist, also joined the organization. White female members were mostly Quakers; historian Jean R. Soderlund maintains thirteen of the seventeen founding white women founders were Hicksite Quakers. Free black females helped organize the society as well. Prominent individuals included Grace and Sarah Douglass, Hetty Reckless, and Charlotte Forten and her daughters, Harriet, Sarah, and Margaretta Forten. These women represented the city's African American elite.〔Soderlund, pp. 69, 74〕 Historian Shirley Yee claims seven of the eighteen women who signed the PFASS constitution were black, and ten black women appear regularly in society records. Furthermore, many black women members consistently served in leadership roles.〔Yee, pp. 90, 95〕 Sarah Forten was a co-founder of the Society and served on its board of managers for three consecutive terms. Margaretta Forten was a co-founder of the Society and often served as recording secretary or treasurer, as well as helping to draw up its organizational charter and serving on its educational committee.〔Gordon, Ann D. (ed.) et al. (''African American Women and the Vote: 1837-1965'' ) University of Massachusetts Press, 1997. p. 33. ISBN 1558490582.〕 She also offered the Society's last resolution, which praised the post-civil war amendments as a success for the anti-slavery cause.〔 Through holding key offices, historian Janice Sumler-Lewis claims the efforts of the Forten women enabled this predominantly white organization to reflect a black abolitionist perspective that oftentimes was more militant. Historian Julie Winch suggests that the free black middle-class females in Philadelphia initially organized female literacy societies prior to their membership in the PFASS. She argues these literacy societies offered black middle-class females opportunities to educate themselves and their children as well as to develop the necessary skills for community activism. According to Winch, it was hardly coincidental that members of the literacy societies also enrolled in the PFASS, and these societies were an integral part of the antislavery crusade. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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